29 Questions
Question 1
Multiple Choice
Solids
Question 2
Multiple Choice
Liquids
Question 3
Multiple Choice
Gases
Question 4
Multiple Choice
Phase Transition
Question 5
Multiple Choice
Internal Energy
Question 6
Multiple Choice
Temperature
Question 7
Multiple Choice
Heat
Question 8
Multiple Choice
Thermal Equilibrium
Question 9
Multiple Choice
Specific Heat Capacity (c)
Question 10
Multiple Choice
Thermal Conductivity
IB Physics Thermal Review
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Solids
Particles are in a fixed position with large cohesive forces and high potential energy.
Liquids
Particles are free to move in a fixed volume with small forces between molecules and lower potential energy.
Gases
Particles move freely with no fixed volume and negligible forces, possessing almost all kinetic energy.
Phase Transition
When enough energy is gained, molecules abandon fixed positions and move apart.
Internal Energy
The sum of the intermolecular potential and kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in an object.
Heat
The flow of energy between objects of different temperatures.
Thermal Equilibrium
The state where thermal energy stops flowing because all objects have reached the same temperature.
Specific Heat Capacity (c)
The amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Kelvin.
Thermal Conductivity
A measure of a material's ability to transfer thermal energy through itself.
Specific Latent Heat (L)
"Hidden heat" released or absorbed during a phase change at constant temperature.
Latent Heat of Fusion (Lf)
Specific latent heat of a substance at its melting point (solid/liquid).
Latent Heat of Vaporization (Lv)
Specific latent heat of a substance at its boiling point (liquid/gas).
Thermal Radiation
The release of energy from an object in the form of electromagnetic radiation, requiring no medium.
Convection
A cycle of heat which circulates between areas of high temperature (low density) and low temperature (high density).
Conduction
Transfer of thermal energy when two objects of different temperatures come into physical contact.
Boiling
Takes place within the entire liquid at the boiling point.
Evaporation
Occurs at the surface of a liquid at any temperature, where fastest molecules escape.
Blackbody
An object that absorbs and re-emits all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
Wien's Displacement Law
The peak wavelength a blackbody emits is inversely proportional to its temperature.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to the surface temperature (in K) raised to the 4th power.
Apparent Brightness (Intensity)
The amount of power received per unit area.
Solar Constant
The intensity of the radiation that reaches the Earth from the Sun.
Emissivity (e)
A value between 0 and 1 which demonstrates a body's ability to absorb (then reemit) radiation.
Albedo
A value between 0 and 1 which demonstrates the ratio between reflected radiation to incident radiation.
Greenhouse Effect
The process where a planet's gaseous atmosphere absorbs infrared radiation, leading to a rise in average temperature.
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Increased amounts of greenhouse gases from human activities leading to a rise in average temperatures.
Resonance (in Greenhouse Gases)
Greenhouse gases naturally vibrate in the IR (heat) range when absorbing energy.
Global Warming
The increase in global temperature resulting in climate change.